E ClassPad II fx-CP400 User’s Guide CASIO Education website URL http://edu.casio.com Access the URL below and register as a user. http://edu.casio.
Be sure to keep physical records of all important data! Low battery power or incorrect replacement of the batteries that power the ClassPad can cause the data stored in memory to be corrupted or even lost entirely. Stored data can also be affected by strong electrostatic charge or strong impact. It is up to you to keep backup copies of data to protect against its loss. Backing Up Data ClassPad data can be converted to a VCP file or XCP file and transferred to a computer for storage.
Contents About This User’s Guide ............................................................................................................................ 9 Chapter 1: Basics ................................................................................................................ 10 1-1 General Guide .........................................................................................................................10 ClassPad at a Glance.......................................................
Using a List in a Calculation ..................................................................................................................... 55 Using a List to Assign Different Values to Multiple Variables ................................................................... 55 2-5 Matrix and Vector Calculations .............................................................................................56 Inputting Matrix Data ..........................................................................
Scrolling the Graph Window ................................................................................................................... 103 Zooming the Graph Window................................................................................................................... 103 Using Quick Zoom .................................................................................................................................. 104 Using Built-in Functions for Graphing................................
Calculating the Sum of a Sequence ....................................................................................................... 127 6-2 Graphing a Recursion ..........................................................................................................127 Chapter 7: Statistics Application ..................................................................................... 128 7-1 Using Stat Editor .......................................................................................
Chapter 9: Numeric Solver Application ........................................................................... 171 Numeric Solver Application-Specific Menus and Buttons ...................................................................... 171 Inputting an Equation ............................................................................................................................. 171 Solving an Equation .............................................................................................
Editing a Program................................................................................................................................... 195 12-3 User-defined Functions ......................................................................................................196 Creating a New User-defined Function .................................................................................................. 196 Executing a User-defined Function ..................................................
14-2 Configuring System Settings ............................................................................................245 System Application Menus and Buttons ................................................................................................. 245 Configuring System Settings .................................................................................................................. 245 Chapter 15: Performing Data Communication.......................................................
Chapter 1: Basics This chapter provides a general overview of the ClassPad and application operations, as well as information about input operations, the handling of data (variables and folders), file operations, and how to configure application format settings. 1-1 General Guide ClassPad at a Glance 3-pin data communication port See Chapter 15 for details. 4-pin mini USB port See Chapter 15 for details. Touch screen Stylus Icon panel See “1-3 Built-in Application Basic Operations”.
Turning Power On or Off While the ClassPad is turned off, press c to turn it on. To turn off the ClassPad, press f and then c. Auto Power Off The ClassPad also has an Auto Power Off feature. This feature automatically turns the ClassPad off when it is idle for a specified amount of time. For details, see “To configure power properties” on page 246. Note Any temporary information in ClassPad RAM (graphs drawn on an application’s graph window, a dialog box displayed, etc.
1-3 Built-in Application Basic Operations This section explains basic information and operations that are common to all of the built-in applications. Using the Application Menu Tapping m on the icon panel displays the application menu. You can perform the operations below with the application menu. Tap a button to start up an application. See “Built-in Applications” below. Tap here (or tap s on the icon panel) to display the next menu. VCP file operations. See page 253. Starts touch panel alignment.
Tap this icon: To start this application: To perform this type of operation: Numeric Solver • Obtain the value of any variable in an equation, without transforming or simplifying the equation Sequence • Perform sequence calculations • Solve recursion expressions Financial • Perform simple interest, compound interest, and other financial calculations Program • Input a program or run a program • Create a user-defined function E-Con EA-200 • Control the optionally available EA-200 Data Analyzer (Se
To do this: Perform this operation: Switch the active window While a dual window is on the display, tap anywhere inside the window that does not have a thick boundary around it to make it the active window. Note that you cannot switch the active window while an operation is being performed in the current active window. Resize the active window so it fills the display While a dual window is on the display, tap r. This causes the active window to fill the display.
Interpreting Status Bar Information The status bar appears along the bottom of the window of each application. 1 2 3 1 Information about the currently running application You can change the configuration of a setting indicated in the status bar by tapping it. Tapping “Cplx” (indicating complex number calculations) while the Main application is running will toggle the setting to “Real” (indicating real number calculations). Tapping again will toggle back to “Cplx”.
u To display the soft keyboard When the soft keyboard is not on the touch screen, press the k key, or tap the O menu and then tap [Keyboard]. This causes the soft keyboard to appear. • The soft keyboard has a number of different key sets such as [Math1], [abc], and [Catalog], which you can use to input of functions and text. To select a key set, tap one of the tabs along the left side of the soft keyboard. • Pressing the k key or tapping the O menu, and then [Keyboard] again hides the soft keyboard.
[abc] key set Use this key set to input alphabetic characters. Tap one of the tabs along the top of the keyboard (along the right when using horizontal display orientation) to see additional characters, for example, tap [Math]. For more information, see “Using the Alphabet Keyboard” (page 24). [Catalog] key set This key set provides a scrollable list that can be used to input built-in functions, built-in commands, system variables, and user-defined functions.
As shown in the above Example, you can input simple arithmetic calculations using either the keypad keys or the soft keyboard. Input using the soft keyboard is required to input higher level calculation expressions, functions, variables, etc. See Chapter 2 for more information about inputting expressions. Tip: In some cases, the input expression and output expression (result) may not fit in the display area.
k Using the Clipboard for Copy and Paste You can copy (or cut) a function, command, or other input to the ClassPad’s clipboard, and then paste the clipboard contents at another location. Performing a copy or cut operation causes the current clipboard contents to be replaced by the newly copied or cut characters. u To copy characters 1. Drag the stylus across the characters you want to copy to select them. 2. On the soft keyboard, tap p. Or tap the [Edit] menu and then tap [Copy].
Example 2: To copy an expression you input with the Main application to the Graph Editor window 1. In the Main application work area, input: 2x^2 + 2x − 1. c2x{2+2x-1E 2. On the right end of the toolbar, tap the down arrow button. On the button palette that appears, tap !. • This will display the Graph Editor window in the bottom half of the screen. 3.
The keys in the following table are found on different key sets and are used to input functions and commands for performing particular calculations and operations. Key set Key N5 Math1, Math2, Math3, Trig Math1, Math2, Trig Description “Template Input and Line Input” (page 22), “Other Functions” (page 48) p Inputs pi (π). W Inputs the substitution symbol (⇒).
Key set Key Description Math3 [ Inputs square brackets ([ ]).
Example 2: To use the line input mode to input the same expression as in Example 1 (2 + (2 (2) / ( (2) + 1))^2) 1. Tap the [Math1] tab and then enter the line input mode (light blue key). 2. Perform the key operation below: 2+(d2!2)N (!2)+1)ewE Example 3: To use the template input mode to input Y( ) 1. Tap the [Math2] tab and then enter the template input mode (white L key). 2.
Example 2: 2xyE Tip: When you input a single-character variable, its name appears on the display as an italicized character. This is simply to let you know that the letter is a single-character variable name. u To input a series of multiple characters A series of multiple characters (like “list1”) can be used for variable names, program commands, comment text, etc. Always use the [abc] key set when you want to input a series of characters.
Catalog keyboard configuration Tapping a letter button displays the commands, functions, or other items that begin with that letter. This is an alphabetized list of commands, functions, and other items available in the category currently selected with “Form”. Tap the down arrow button and then select the category you want ([Func], [Cmd], [Sys], [User], or [All]) from the list that appears. Tap this key to input the item that is currently selected in the alphabetized list.
Main Memory Data Types Data stored in main memory has a data type attribute that is assigned in accordance with the application that created the data and the actual content of the data. The data type is indicated by a data type name. Data type names are shown on the Variable Manager variable list, and on the Select Data dialog box that appears when you are specifying a variable in any ClassPad application. The following table lists all of the data type names and explains the meaning of each.
Using Variable Manager Variable Manager is a tool for managing user variables, programs, user functions, and other types of data. Though this section uses only the term “variables”, the explanations provided here also refer to the other types of data that can be managed by Variable Manager. With Variable Manager you can: • Create, delete, rename, lock, and unlock folders, and configure current folder settings.
To do this: Do this: Deselect a folder or variable Clear the check box next to the folder or variable name. To deselect all the folders or variables in the list, tap [All] and then [Deselect All]. Delete a folder See “To delete a folder” (page 29). Delete a variable Select the check box next to the variable you want to delete, and then tap [Edit] - [Delete]. In response to the confirmation dialog box that appears, tap [OK] to delete the selected variable.
Selecting a Variable • If no check box is selected on the variable list, any variable operation that is performed affects the variable whose name is currently highlighted on the list. If any variable check box is selected, only that variable is affected by a variable operation, and the variable whose name is highlighted on the list is not affected. • When renaming a variable, only the variable whose name is highlighted on the variable list is renamed.
Managing Application Files The applications below can save data to files. Geometry (Chapter 8), eActivity (Chapter 10), Spreadsheet (Chapter 13), Verify (page 92), Probability (page 92) This section explains the common operations that can be performed on data files created with these applications. Tip: The eActivity file save dialog box is slightly different from the save dialog box of the other applications, but operations are basically the same. u To save a file 1. Tap [File] and then [Save]. 2.
u To move a file to another folder 1. Tap [File] and then [Open]. 2. On the dialog box that appears, select the check box next to the file you want to move. • To move multiple files, select all of their check boxes. 3. Tap [File] and then [Move]. • This causes a dialog box for selecting the destination folder to appear. 4. On the dialog box, tap the down arrow button and then select the destination folder from the list that appears. 5. Tap [OK] to move the files.
Tip • If a variable with the specified name already exists in the current folder, the contents of the existing variable are replaced with the newly assigned data, unless the existing variable is locked or protected. For more information, see “Variable Manager operations” (page 27) and “Protected variable types” (page 26). • To store the newly created variable in a folder other than the current folder, specify the variable name as follows: \.
4. Change the current folder specification to “Test”. • Use Variable Manager (page 27) to create a folder named “Test” and change the current folder specification. 5. Perform the following operations to view the contents of variables “eq1” and “eq2”. eq1E (Since this key operation does not access the “main” folder, the variable name (“eq1”) is displayed without showing the variable contents.) main\eq1E (Specifying the path to the “main” folder where “eq1” is located displays the contents of the variable.
1-7 Configuring Application Format Settings The O menu includes format settings for configuring the number of calculation result display digits and the angle unit, as well as application-specific commands. The following describes each of the settings and commands that are available on the O menu.
To do this: Do this: Switch between complex number calculations (Complex mode) and real number calculations (Real mode) Select the “Complex Format” check box to enter the Complex mode, or clear the check box* to enter the Real mode*. Display results as a decimal value (Decimal mode) or leave calculation results as expressions (Standard mode) Select the “Decimal Calculation” check box to enter the Decimal mode, or clear the check box* to enter the Standard mode.
k Graph Format Dialog Box Use the Graph Format dialog box to configure settings for the Graph window and for drawing graphs. [Basic] tab 1 2 3 4 To specify display of Graph window axes Tap 1 and then tap one of the settings described below. On: show axis Off: hide axis Number*: show axis along with maximum and minimum value of each axis To specify display of Graph window grid Tap 2 and then tap one of the settings described below.
[Special] tab To specify the row width for Stat Editor and data table displays Tap 1, and then select “2 Cells”, “3 Cells*”, or “4 Cells”. 1 2 3 To specify a source for table data Tap 2 and then tap one of the settings described below. Table Input*: Uses the data input in a Table Input dialog box as the source for number table generation. list1 through list6: Uses list data in list1 through list6 as the source for number table generation.
k Geometry Format Dialog Box Use the Geometry Format dialog box to configure settings for the Geometry application. Tip: The information that appears in the preview area at the bottom of the dialog box shows a preview of the Geometry application window, based on the settings configured in upper part of the dialog box. 1 2 3 4 5 6 To specify the Geometry window numeric value display format Tap 1 and then select the format you want. The initial default Number Format setting is Fix2.
k Financial Format Dialog Box Use the Financial Format dialog box to configure settings for the Financial application. [Basic] tab To specify the number of days in a year Tap 1, and then tap “360 days” or “365 days*”. 1 2 3 To specify the beginning or the period or the end of the period as the payment date Tap 2 and then tap “Beginning of period” or “End of period*”. To specify the date format Tap 3 and then tap one of the settings described below.
[Special] tab 1 2 3 4 5 To specify odd period handling Tap 1 and then tap one of the settings described below.
1-8 When you keep having problems… If you keep having problems when you are trying to perform operations, try the following before assuming that there is something wrong with the ClassPad. 1. Initialize all application format settings. Perform the procedure under “Initializing All Application Format Settings” (page 40). 2. Perform the RAM reset (RESTART) operation. Perform RAM reset when the ClassPad freezes up or otherwise fails to perform as expected for some reason.
Chapter 2: Main Application The Main application is a general-purpose numerical and mathematical calculation application that you can use to study mathematics and solve mathematical problems. You can use the Main application to perform general operations from basic arithmetic calculations, to calculations that involve lists, matrices, etc. Starting up the Main application displays a large white work area. Use this area for inputting operations and commands.
• The example calculations are all performed using the Decimal mode (see page 44). Using the e Key Use the e key to input exponential values. You can also input exponential values using the E key on the soft keyboard [Number] key set. 0202 Calculation examples Omitting the Multiplication Sign You can omit the multiplication sign in any of the following cases. • In front of a function… 2sin (30), 10log (1.2), etc. • In front of a constant or variable… aπ, 2ab, 3ans, etc.
Calculation Priority Sequence Your ClassPad automatically performs calculations in the following sequence. 1 Commands with parentheses (sin(, diff(, etc.) 5 +, –, (–) 2 Factorials (x!), degree specifications (o, r ), percents (%) 6 Relational operators (=, , <, >, s, t) 7 and 3 Powers 4 π, memory, variable multiplication operations that omit the multiplication sign (2π, 5A, etc.), command with parentheses multiplication operations that omit the multiplication sign (2' 3, etc.
u Number of Decimal Places, Number of Significant Digits, Normal Display Settings The [Number Format] settings on the Basic Format dialog box specify the number of decimal places, the number of significant digits, and the normal display setting for Main application Decimal mode calculation results. The following shows how calculation results appear under each setting. Expression Normal 1 Normal 2 Fix 3 Sci 3 12.5 12.5 12.500 1.25E + 1 100 ÷ 6 = 16.6666666... 16.66666667 16.66666667 16.667 1.
2-2 Using the Calculation History The Main application work area calculation history can contain up to 30 expression/result pairs. You can look up a previous calculation, edit, and then re-calculate it, if you want. • Use the scroll bar or scroll buttons to scroll the work area window up and down. This brings current calculation history contents into view. • You can edit a calculation expression in the calculation history and then re-calculate the resulting expression.
Problem Operation Convert 4.25 radians to degrees. = 243.5070629 4.25 Rw 47.3° + 82.5rad = 4774.20181° 47.3 + 82.5 Rw How many radians is 243.5070629°? = 4.249999999 Change the [Angle] setting to “Radian”, and then input 243.5070629 *w. Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions Problem Operation cos(( π ) rad) = 0.5 3 Change the [Angle] setting to “Radian”. 2 · sin45° × cos65° = 0.5976724775 Change the [Angle] setting to “Degree”. 2*s 45 )*c 65 w c7/ 3 w or cN7c 3 w Can be omitted.
Other Functions (%, ', x2, x –1, x!, abs, ⬔, signum, int, frac, intg, fRound, sRound) Problem What is 12% of 1500? Operation (180) What percent of 880 is 660? 1500 * 12 &w (75%) 660 / 880 &w What value is 15% greater than 2500? What value is 25% less than 3500? (2875) (2625) ' 2+' 5 = 3.65028154 2500 *( 1 + 15 & 3500 *( 1 - 25 & 5 2 e+5 5 w (3 + i) = 1.755317302 + 0.2848487846i Change to the Complex mode (“Cplx” indicated on the status bar).
u “rand” Function The “rand” function generates random numbers. If you do not specify an argument, “rand” generates 10-digit decimal values 0 or greater and less than 1. Specifying two integer values for the argument generates random numbers between them. Problem Operation Generate random numbers between 0 and 1. [rand] w Generate random integers between 1 and 6.
Function: • Omitting a value for “m” (or specifying 1 for “m”) returns the generated random number as-is. • Specifying a value for “m” returns the specified number of random values in list format. Description: • “n” and “m” must be positive integers. Problem Operation Randomly produce the number of heads that can be expected in accordance with binomial distribution for five coin tosses where the probability of heads is 0.5. [randBin] 5 , 0.
Problem Operation Determine the greatest common divisors of {4, 3}, {12, 6}, and {36, 9}. [iGcd] { 4 , 3 },{ 12 , 6 },{ 36 , 9 })w u “iLcm” Function Syntax: iLcm(Exp-1, Exp-2[, Exp-3…Exp-10)] (Exp-1 through Exp-10 all are integers.) iLcm(List-1, List-2[, List-3…List-10)] (All elements of List-1 through List-10 are integers.) Function: • The first syntax above returns the least common multiple for two to ten integers.
Condition Judgment (judge, piecewise) u “judge” Function The “judge” function returns TRUE when an expression is true, and FALSE when it is false. Problem Operation Is the following expression true or false? 1=1 TRUE [judge] 1 = 1 w Is the following expression true or false? 1<0 FALSE [judge] 1 < 0 w u “piecewise” Function The “piecewise” function returns one value when an expression is true, and another value when the expression is false. The syntax of the “piecewise” function is shown below.
Primality Test (isPrime) The “isPrime” function determines whether the number provided as the argument is prime (returns TRUE) or not (returns FALSE). The syntax of the “isPrime” function is shown below. isPrime(Exp/List[ ) ] • Exp or all of the elements of List must be integers. Problem Operation Determine whether the numbers 51 and 17 are prime.
Solutions Supported by ClassPad (TRUE, FALSE, Undefined, No Solution, ∞, const, constn) Solution Description Example TRUE Output when a solution is true. judge (1 = 1) w FALSE Output when a solution is false. judge (1 < 0) w Undefined Output when a solution is undefined. 1/0 w No Solution Output when there is no solution. solve (abs (x) = –1, x) w ∞ Infinity lim (1/x2, x, 0) w const Constant displayed as const(1) when any value that is a constant is included in the solution.
Gamma Function The Gamma function is called “gamma” on the ClassPad. +∞ ∫0 Γ(x) = t x–1e–t dt For an integer n the gamma is evaluated as shown below. K ^ ² ! s The gamma is defined for all real numbers excluding zero and negative integers. It is also defined for all complex numbers where either the real or imaginary part of the complex number is not an integer. Gamma of a symbolic expression returns unevaluated.
2-5 Matrix and Vector Calculations This section explains how to create matrices, and how to perform basic matrix calculations. Tip: Since a vector can be viewed as 1-row by n-column matrix or n-row by 1-column matrix, this section does not include explanations specifically about vectors. For more information about vector-specific calculations, see the explanations about the applicable [Action] menu items in “2-7 Using the Action Menu”.
Raising a Matrix to a Specific Power Example: To raise 1 3 2 4 to the power of 3 0226 Input in a single line 0227 Input using an actual on-screen matrix Tip: You can raise only a square matrix to a specific power. An error occurs when you try to raise a non-square matrix to a specific power. Using a Matrix to Assign Different Values to Multiple Variables Use the procedure in this section when you want to use a matrix to assign various different values to multiple variables.
Selecting a Number Base Specifying a default number base in the Main application will apply to the current line (expression/result pair), and to all subsequent lines until you change the default number base setting. u To select the number base for the line where the cursor is located 1. Tap the down arrow button next to the < button. 2. Tap the button that corresponds to the number base you want to use: 1 (binary), 2 (octal), 3 (decimal), 4 (hexadecimal).
Using the baseConvert Function (Number System Transform) The baseConvert function lets you convert a number in one base (number system) to its equivalent in another base. Important! • The baseConvert function works for positive integers only. • The baseConvert function cannot be used in a line for which a particular number base is specified. It can be used in a normal calculation line only.
Example Screenshots The screenshots below show examples of how input and output expressions appear on the ClassPad display. All of the screenshots in this section show the “complete expression” version. When the input expression does not fit: Displayed expression Complete expression When the output expression does not fit: Displayed expression Complete expression Using the Transformation Submenu The [Transformation] submenu contains commands for expression transformation, like “expand” and “factor”.
u rFactor [Action][Transformation][factor][rFactor] Function: Factors an expression up to its roots, if any. Syntax: rFactor (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [ ) ] Example: To factor x2 3 u factorOut [Action][Transformation][factor][factorOut] Function: Factors out an expression with respect to a specified factor.
u toFrac [Action][Transformation][Fraction][toFrac] Function: Transforms a decimal value into its equivalent fraction value. Syntax: toFrac (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [ ) ] Example: To transform 5.28 into its equivalent fraction value u propFrac [Action][Transformation][Fraction][propFrac] Function: Transforms a decimal value into its equivalent proper fraction value. Syntax: propFrac (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [ ) ] Example: To transform 1.
Syntax: laplace( f (t), t, s) invLaplace(L(s), s, t) f (t): expression ; t: variable with respect to which the expression is L(s): expression ; s: variable with respect to which the expression is transformed ; transformed ; s: parameter of the transform t: parameter of the transform ClassPad supports transform of the following functions. x, ex, heaviside(x), delta(x), delta(x, n) sin(x), cos(x), sinh(x), cosh(x), xn, ' ClassPad does not support transform of the following functions.
Transform Definition n (optional) a b Modern Physics 0 0 1 Pure Math 1 1 –1 Probability 2 1 1 Classical Physics 3 –1 1 Signal Processing 4 0 –2*π Tip: The Advanced Format dialog box can be used to configure settings related to the Fourier Transform, such a Fourier Transform definition, etc. For details, see “Advanced Format Dialog Box” on page 38.
Using the Calculation Submenu The [Calculation] submenu contains calculus related commands, such as “diff” (differentiation) and “ ” (integration). u diff [Action][Calculation][diff] Function: Differentiates an expression with respect to a specific variable. Syntax: diff(Exp/List[,variable] [ ) ] diff(Exp/List,variable,order[,a] [ ) ] • “a” is the point for which you want to determine the derivative. • “order” = 1 when you use the following syntax: diff(Exp/List[,variable][ ) ].
u Π [Action][Calculation][Π] Function: Evaluates an expression at discrete variable values within a range, and then calculates a product. Syntax: Π(Exp/List, variable, lower value, upper value [ ) ] Example: To calculate the product of x2 as the value of x changes from x = 1 through x = 5 u rangeAppoint [Action][Calculation][rangeAppoint] Function: Finds an expression or value that satisfies a condition in a specified range.
• “n” is calculation precision, which you can specify as an integer in the range of 1 to 9. Using any value outside this range causes an error. • This command returns an approximate value when calculation precision is specified for “n”. • This command returns a true value when nothing is specified for “n”. If the true value cannot be obtained, however, this command returns an approximate value along with n = 4.
u conjg [Action][Complex][conjg] Function: Returns the conjugate complex number. Syntax: conjg (Exp/Eq/Ineq /List/Mat [ ) ] (Ineq : Real mode only) Example: To obtain the conjugate of complex number 1 + i u re [Action][Complex][re] Function: Returns the real part of a complex number. Syntax: re (Exp/Eq/Ineq /List/Mat [ ) ] (Ineq : Real mode only) Example: To obtain the real part of complex number 3 – 4i u im [Action][Complex][im] Function: Returns the imaginary part of a complex number.
Using the List-Create Submenu The [List][Create] submenu contains commands that are related to creating lists. u seq [Action][List][Create][seq] Function: Generates a list in accordance with a numeric sequence expression. Syntax: seq (Exp, variable, start value, end value [,step size] [ ) ] Example: To generate a list in accordance with the expression x2 + 2x when the start value is 1, the end value is 5, and the step size is 2 • “1” is the default when you omit “[,step size]”.
u rotate [Action][List][Create][rotate] Function: Returns a list in which the elements have been rotated to the right or to the left by a specific amount. Syntax: rotate (List [,number of rotations] [ ) ] • Specifying a negative value for “[,number of rotations]” rotates to the right, while a positive value rotates to the left. Example: To rotate the elements of the list {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} to the left by two • Right rotation by one (–1) is the default when you omit “[,number of rotations]”.
u median [Action][List][Statistics][median] Function: Returns the median of the elements in a list. Syntax: median (List-1[, List-2] [ ) ] (List-1: Data, List-2: Freq) Example: To determine the median of the elements in the list {1, 2, 3} u mode [Action][List][Statistics][mode] Function: Returns the mode of the elements in a list. If there are multiple modes, they are returned in a list.
u prod [Action][List][Calculation][prod] Function: Returns the product of the elements in a list. Syntax: prod (List-1[, List-2] [ ) ] (List-1: Data, List-2: Freq) Example: To determine the product of the elements in the list {1, 2, 3} u cuml [Action][List][Calculation][cuml] Function: Returns the cumulative sums of the elements in a list.
Syntax: sumSeq (List-1[, List-2] [,variable] [ ) ] • “x” is the default when you omit “[,variable]”. Example: To determine the sum of a polynomial for a sequence expressed by the list {3, 5, 7, 9} Using the Matrix-Create Submenu The [Matrix][Create] submenu contains commands related to creation of matrices. u trn [Action][Matrix][Create][trn] Function: Returns a transposed matrix.
u listToMat [Action][Matrix][Create][listToMat] • For information about listToMat, see page 70. u matToList [Action][Matrix][Create][matToList] Function: Transforms a specific column of a matrix into a list. Syntax: matToList (Mat, column number [ ) ] Example: To transform column 2 of the matrix [[1, 2] [3, 4]] into a list Using the Matrix-Calculation and Matrix-Row&Column Submenus The [Matrix][Calculation] and [Matrix][Row&Column] submenus contain commands that are related to matrix calculations.
u eigVl [Action][Matrix][Calculation][eigVl] Function: Returns a list that contains the eigenvalue(s) of a square matrix. Syntax: eigVl (Mat [ ) ] Example: To obtain the eigenvalue(s) of the matrix [[3, 4] [1, 3]] u eigVc [Action][Matrix][Calculation][eigVc] Function: Returns a matrix in which each column represents an eigenvector of a square matrix. • Since an eigenvector usually cannot be determined uniquely, it is standardized as follows to its norm, which is 1: When V = [x1, x2, ...
u mRow [Action][Matrix][Row&Column][mRow] Function: Multiplies the elements of a specific row in a matrix by a specific expression. Syntax: mRow (Exp, Mat, row number [ ) ] Example: To multiply row 1 of the matrix [[1, 2] [3, 4]] by x u mRowAdd [Action][Matrix][Row&Column][mRowAdd] Function: Multiplies the elements of a specific row in a matrix by a specific expression, and then adds the result to another row.
Using the Vector Submenu The [Vector] submenu contains commands that are related to vector calculations. • A vector is handled as a 1 × N matrix or N × 1 matrix. • A vector in the form of 1 × N can be entered as [……] or [[……]]. Example: [1, 2], [[1, 2]] • Vectors are considered to be in rectangular form unless ∠() is used to indicate an angle measure. u augment [Action][Vector][augment] Function: Returns an augmented vector [Mat-1 Mat-2].
u norm [Action][Vector][norm] Function: Returns the norm of a vector. Syntax: norm (Mat [ ) ] Example: To obtain the norm of the vector [1, 2, 3] u crossP [Action][Vector][crossP] Function: Returns the cross product of two vectors. Syntax: crossP (Mat-1, Mat-2 [ ) ] • This command can be used with a 1 × N or N × 1 matrix only (N = 2, 3). • A two-element matrix [a, b] or [[a], [b]] is automatically converted into a three-element matrix [a, b, 0] or [[a], [b], [0]].
Example: To transform the rectangular form [1, 1, 1] into its equivalent spherical form (in the Radian mode) u toCyl [Action][Vector][toCyl] Function: Returns an equivalent cylindrical form [r∠ z]. Syntax: toCyl (Mat [,natural number] [ ) ] • This command can be used with a 1 × 3 or 3 × 1 matrix only. • This command returns “r” when “natural number” is 1, “ ” when “natural number” is 2, and “z” when “natural number” is 3. • This command returns a cylindrical form when you omit “natural number”.
Note For the solution, the solve function returns an expression or value for the expression (Exp/Eq) input as its argument. The message “More solutions may exist” will appear on the display when a value is returned as the solution, because there may be multiple solutions. The solve function can return a maximum of 10 solutions in the case of values. Example: To solve cos (x) = 0.
u absExpand [Action][Equation/Inequality][absExpand] Function: Divides an absolute value expression into formulas without absolute value. Syntax: absExpand(Eq/Ineq [ ) ] Example: To remove the absolute value from ⎜2x – 3 ⎜ = 9 u andConnect [Action][Equation/Inequality][andConnect] Function: Combines two equations or inequalities into a single expression.
Using the Assistant Submenu The [Assistant] submenu contains two commands related to the Assistant mode. Note that the following commands are valid in the Assistant mode only. For more information on the Assistant mode see “Assistant Mode and Algebra Mode” on page 45. u arrange [Action][Assistant][arrange] Function: Collects like terms and arranges them in descending order, starting with the term that contains the smallest coefficient.
The following explains how to specify list data in arguments and how calculation results are output. (a) Specifying list data for a single argument • Basically, you can specify any list you like, but the each of the elements in the list must be in accordance with the conditions required by the argument of the function being used. • Calculation is performed on each element within the list and results are output as shown below.
• “tail setting” displays the probability value tail specification, and Left, Right, or Center can be specified. Enter the following values or letters to specify: Left: −1, “L”, or “l” Center: 0, “C”, or “c” Right: 1, “R”, or “r” • • • • When input is skipped, “Left” is used. When one argument is omitted (resulting in three arguments), Tail=Left. When two arguments are omitted (resulting in two arguments), Tail=Left, μ =0. When three arguments are omitted (resulting in one argument), Tail=Left, σ =1, μ =0.
u chiCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Continuous][chiCDf] Function: Returns the cumulative probability of a χ2 distribution between a lower bound and an upper bound. Syntax: chiCDf(lower value, upper value, df [ ) ] Calculation Result Output: prob Example: To determine the χ2 probability when lower value = 2.7, upper value = ∞, df = 4 u invChiCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Inverse][invChiCDf] Function: Returns the lower bound value of a χ2 cumulative distribution probability for specified values.
u binomialCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Discrete][binomialCDf] Function: Returns the cumulative probability in a binomial distribution that the success will occur between specified lower value and upper value. Syntax: binomialCDf(lower value, upper value, numtrial value, pos [ ) ] Calculation Result Output: prob Example: To determine the binomial cumulative probability when lower value = 2, upper value = 5, numtrial value = 3, pos = 0.63 u invBinomialCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.
Important! See “Important!” under “invBinomialCDf” on page 86. Example: To determine the minimum number of trials when prob = 0.8074, = 2.26 u geoPDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Discrete][geoPDf] Function: Returns the probability in a geometric distribution that the success will occur on a specified trial. Syntax: geoPDf(x, pos [ ) ] Calculation Result Output: prob Example: To determine the geometric probability when x = 6, pos = 0.4 u geoCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.
u invHypergeoCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Inverse][invHypergeoCDf] Function: Returns the minimum number of trials of a hypergeometric cumulative distribution for specified values. Syntax: invHypergeoCDf(prob, n, M, N [ ) ] Calculation Result Output: xInv, ½xInv Important! See “Important!” under “invBinomialCDf” on page 86. Example: To determine the minimum number of trials when prob = 0.
2-8 Using the Interactive Menu The [Interactive] menu includes most of the commands that are on the [Action] menu. Selecting a command on the [Action] menu will simply input the command. With the [Interactive] menu, you drag the stylus across existing input in the work area and then select a command. This encloses the highlighted expression with the command and opens a dialog box if more arguments are needed.
Using Another Application’s Window u To open another application’s window 1. Tap the right most toolbar down arrow button. • This displays a palette of application icons. Graph Spreadsheet Stat Editor Probability Verify Graph Editor Geometry Conics Graph Conics Editor Financial Differential Equation Editor Sequence Editor Numeric Solver 2. Tap the button that corresponds to the window you want to display. • This causes the window that corresponds to the button you tap to appear in the lower window.
• For information about inputting and editing list data using the Stat Editor, see Chapter 7. u To use Stat Editor to recall a LIST variable created in the work area 0240 Continuing from example 0239 , to use Stat Editor to recall list variable “test”, which was created in the work area Using the Geometry Window When there is a Geometry window on the display, you can drag values and expressions to the Geometry window to draw the graph or figure of the value or expression.
2-10 Using Verify Verify provides you with a powerful tool to check whether your numeric or algebraic manipulations are correct. Verify will assist you in simplifying an expression by verifying whether or not the expression you entered is equivalent to your original expression. If it is, you will get a pleasant response; if not, you will need to correct your mistake before continuing. u To start up Verify 1. On the work area window, tap the right most toolbar down arrow button. 2.
u To start up Probability 1. On the work area window, tap the right most toolbar down arrow button. 2. On the icon palette that appears, tap P. This will display an initial Probability dialog box. u Probability window menus and buttons • Clear the Probability window (and display the Probability dialog box) ......... File - New, Edit - Clear All or O • Display the Probability dialog box and try the probability emulation (the trial result will be added to the end of the current file) ........................
Important! If the program command “Pause” is used in a program, it is ignored when the program is called from Main or eActivity.
Chapter 3: Graph & Table Application The Graph & Table application allows you to input and graph rectangular coordinate equations (or inequalities), polar coordinate equations, and parametric expressions. After you graph an expression, you can perform various graph-based analytical operations, such as determining the points of intersection of two graphs, point of inflection, and definite integral for a particular range of a parabola or other figure.
• Graph the selected function(s) ....................................................................................................................$ • Generate a summary table for the selected function ..................................................................................4 • Display the View Window dialog box to configure Graph window settings .................................................6 • Display the Table Input dialog box for configuring settings........................................
3-1 Storing Functions Use the Graph Editor window to store a Graph & Table application function. This section covers Graph Editor operations, and explains how to store functions. Using Graph Editor Sheets The Graph Editor window has five tabbed sheets named Sheet 1 through Sheet 5, each of which can contain up to 20 functions. You can graph up to 20 functions simultaneously, as long as all of the functions are on the same sheet. The table below explains Graph Editor sheet operations.
To input this type of expression: Do this: x equality 1. Tap [Type] - [x=Type]. 2. Input an expression that includes variable y and then press E. y inequality (left side y type) 1. Tap [Type], [Inequality], and then tap one of the following: [y>Type], [yType], [x
2. Configure the dialog box with the following settings. To specify this: Perform this operation: Line type Tap “Graph Plot” and then tap the desired line type. Line color Tap “Line Color” and then tap the desired color. 3. To apply the settings, return to the dialog box in step 2 of this procedure and then tap [OK].
Saving Graph Editor Data to Graph Memory Graph memory lets you store all of the expressions and their related information to a file for later recall.
2. If you want to configure settings using preset ClassPad View Window parameters, perform the operations described below. To configure this setting: Do this: ClassPad initial defaults On the [Memory] menu select [Initial], or tap the [Default] button. Configure settings optimized for trigonometric function graphing On the [Memory] menu, select [Trigonometric]. Display both the x-axis and y-axis in a range of –10 to 10 On the [Memory] menu, select [Standard].
View Window Preset Parameters Selecting preset View Window parameters configures the settings shown in the table below. Note: The values in the explanations below apply during the half-size view of the Graph window (which is the initial default setting of the Graph & Table application). Tapping r on the icon panel will switch to the full-screen view and change the View Window settings. Parameter Name Description Initial (Default) • Both xscale and yscale are set to 1.
Panning the Graph Window You can drag the Graph window screen to scroll (pan) its contents. u ClassPad Operation 1. Holding the stylus anywhere against the Graph window, drag it in the direction you want. • This causes the Graph window to scroll automatically in accordance with the dragging. 2. When the Graph window shows the area you want, remove the stylus from the display. • This causes the graph to be redrawn on the Graph window.
To do this on the Graph window: Do this: Automatically configure settings so the Graph screen fills the entire screen in accordance with the graph being drawn Tap [Zoom] and then [Auto], or tap R. Return a graph to its original View Window settings Tap [Zoom] and then [Original]. Adjust View Window x-axis values so that they are identical to the y-axis values Tap [Zoom] and then [Square].
u ClassPad Operation 1. On the Graph window or Graph Editor window, tap a and then [Built-In]. 2. On the menu that appears, tap the built-in function you want to select. • This displays a dialog box for assigning values to the coefficients. The actual coefficients that appear (a through d) depend on the built-in function you selected. 3. Assign values to each coefficient. 4. Tap [OK] to graph.
3-3 Using Table & Graph The Graph & Table application includes a “Table window” for displaying number tables and summary tables generated with the functions you input on the Graph Editor window. Generating a Number Table A number table can be created for one or more y=Type, r=Type, or ParamType (Parametric Type) functions registered on the Graph Editor window.
u To generate a number table by assigning list values to x, , or t 1. Tap O and then [Graph Format] to display the Graph Format dialog box. 2. Tap [Special] tab, and then select a list option (list1 through list6 or a list variable created by you) for the [Table Variable] item. • By way of example, here we will select “list1”. 3. Tap [Set] to apply the settings and close the dialog box. 4. Tap O, [Window] and then [Stat Editor] to display the Stat Editor window. 5.
Generating Number Table Values from a Graph You can input the coordinate values where the pointer is currently located on a graph into a table by simply pressing E. 0303 To generate number table values from the y = x3 – 3x graph Generating a Summary Table A summary table can be created from a y=Type function registered on the Graph Editor window. The figure below shows an example of the summary graph and table of y = x3 – 3x.
4. Tap [OK] to close the View Window dialog box. • Tapping $ here graphs the function using the View Window settings. 5. Tap 4. • This starts summary table generation, and displays the result on the Table window. Note that generation of a summary table can take a bit of time. Tip • The above operation is possible only when “View Window” (which is the initial default) is selected for the Graph Format dialog box [Summary Table] item.
2. Tap [Analysis], [Trace], or tap =. • This will display the pointer at the coordinates where x = 0. The pointer will not be visible when it is located at a point outside the graph display area. • If “Undefined” appears in place of the xc or yc coordinate, it means that the current point is undefined. Press the left or right cursor key to move to a point that is defined. 3. Press the left or right cursor key, or tap the left or right graph controller arrow.
u To write text on the Graph window 1. While the Graph window is active, tap [Analysis], [Sketch], and then [Text]. 2. On the dialog box that appears, enter the text you want and then tap [OK]. • This displays the word “Text” in the lower right corner of the Graph window. 3. Place the stylus on the screen and hold it there. • This causes the text you input in step 2 to appear at the location where you are pointing with the stylus. 4.
3-6 Analyzing a Function Used to Draw a Graph Your ClassPad includes a G-Solve feature that lets you perform a variety of different analytical processes on an existing graph. What You Can Do Using the G-Solve Menu Commands While there is a graph on the Graph window, you can use a [G-Solve] menu command to obtain the following information. • x-coordinate for a given y-coordinate .................................................
3. To obtain other roots, press the left or right cursor key, or tap the left or right graph controller arrows. • If there is only one solution, the pointer does not move when you press the cursor key or tap the graph controller arrow. The following are examples for other G-Solve commands.
Chapter 4: Conics Application The Conics application provides you with the capability to graph circular, parabolic, elliptic, and hyperbolic functions. You can also use the Conics application to quickly and easily determine the proper focal point, vertex, directrix, and other information about each type of conics. Starting up the Conics application displays two windows: 1 the Conics Editor window and 2 the Conics Graph window.
4-1 Inputting an Equation You can select one of the preset Conics Forms or input a conics equation manually. You can also transform a manually input equation to a Conics Form. u To input an equation using a Conics Form 1. On the Conics Editor window, tap q to displays the Select Conics Form dialog box. Horizontal Parabola 1 Horizontal Parabola 2 Vertical Parabola 1 Vertical Parabola 2 Circle 1 Circle 2 Ellipse Horizontal Hyperbola Vertical Hyperbola General Form 2.
Drawing a Circle There are two forms that you can use to draw a circle. • One form is the standard form, which allows you to specify the center point and radius: (x – H)2 + (y – K)2 = R2 • The other form is the general form, which allows you to specify the coefficients of each term: Ax2 + Ay2 + Bx + Cy + D = 0 Drawing an Ellipse You can use the standard equation ( − H)2 ( − K)2 + = 1 to draw an ellipse.
Using G-Solve Menu Commands When multiple solutions are obtained by a G-Solve command, only one solution is displayed at a time. For example, executing [Analysis] - [G-Solve] - [Focus] for an ellipse that has two foci will display only one focus at a time. In a case such as this, use the left and right cursor keys (or tap the left and right graph controller arrows) to cycle between the available solutions. u To determine the focus of the parabola x = 2(y – 1)2 – 2 1.
Chapter 5: Differential Equation Graph Application This chapter explains how to use the Differential Equation Graph application, which you can use to investigate families of solutions to ordinary differential equations. The Differential Equation Graph application has the following two types of windows. 1 1 Differential Equation Editor window Use this window to input expressions ([DiffEq] tab) and initial conditions ([IC] tab) for graphing. You also can input f (x) type functions ([Graphs] tab).
• Toggle the use of unit vectors on or off for slope field or phase plane graphing ...............................................................................................................Edit - Unit Vectors • Display the Differential Equation Editor window [DiffEq] tab........................Edit - Editor - DiffEqGraph Editor • Display the Differential Equation Editor window [IC] tab ..............................................
Graphing a Second Order Differential Equation This section explains how to input a second order differential equation, draw a phase plane, and graph the solution curve(s). With this application, a second order differential equation is input in the form of a set of two first order differential equations. • A phase plane is the family of solutions of either a second order differential equation or two first order differential equations of the form x’ = dx/dt = f (x, y) and y’ = dy/dt = g(x, y).
Configuring and Modifying Initial Conditions You can modify an existing initial condition on the Differential Equation Graph window by dragging it. You can also configure a new initial condition on the Differential Equation Graph window by tapping the coordinates you want to specify as the new initial condition. u To modify an initial condition on the Differential Equation Graph window 1.
3. On the Differential Equation Graph window, tap the coordinates that you want to specify as the new initial condition. • This will set the coordinates as the new initial condition and draw a solution curve. • The newly configured initial condition is added to the initial condition editor. To view it, tap the [IC] tab. Configuring Differential Equation Graph View Window Parameters You can set a number of graphing parameters on the View Window dialog box. This dialog box contains two tabs.
Setting Description Solution Dir. A solution curve is graphed starting at the initial condition value t0 and continues until it reaches a target value, which can be either tmin or tmax. The solution direction determines the target values. Forward will graph the solution curve from t0 to tmax. Backward will graph the solution curve from t0 to tmin. Both will graph the solution curve from t0 to tmin, and then t0 to tmax.
u To start a graph/curve trace 1. Draw a solution curve (see pages 119 through 120) or function graph (see page 123). 2. Tap = or [Analysis] - [Trace]. 5-4 Graphing an Expression or Value by Dropping It into the Differential Equation Graph Window You can use the procedures in this section to graph an expression or value by dragging it from the eActivity application window or the Main application window, and dropping it into the Differential Equation Graph window.
Chapter 6: Sequence Application The Sequence application provides you with the tools you need to work with explicit sequences and recursive type sequences. Starting up the Sequence application displays two windows. 1 Sequence Editor window 1 Use this window to input expressions for creating a sequence table. 2 Table window Use this window to create and display table. (a) Title: Shows the equation used in the calculations. The title is not displayed when an item in column n is selected.
Buttons common to multiple windows • Create an ordered pair table (Editor/Graph/RUN) ......................................................................................# • Create a sequence table with column(s) that determine if a sequence is an arithmetic sequence, geometric sequence, progression of difference, or Fibonacci sequence (Editor/Graph/RUN) ..........................
Determining the General Term of a Recursion Expression You can use the rSolve function to convert the sequence expressed by a recursion expression to the general term format an = f (n). 0602 To determine the general term of the recursion expression an+1 = an + 2, a1 = 1 About rSolve The rSolve function returns the explicit formula of a sequence that is defined in relation to one or two previous terms, or a system of recursive formulas.
Chapter 7: Statistics Application The Statistics application provides you with the tools you need to perform the operations below.
2. Input the data you want. • You can input values, formulas, or variable names. If you input a formula, the value of the calculation result will be input into the list. If you input a variable name, the value currently assigned to the variable (or the variable name itself in the case of an undefined variable) will be input into the list.
• Clear list variable data from list1 through list6 and initialize Stat Editor window contents ..................................................................................................................Edit - Clear All • Convert a mathematical expression in the currently selected cell to a decimal value ................................9 • Display two, three, or four columns in the Stat Editor window*...................................................
u To configure statistical graph settings 1. On the Stat Editor window, tap [SetGraph] - [Setting…] or tap G. • This displays the Set StatGraphs dialog box. There are tabs named 1 through 9 that correspond to StatGraph1 through StatGraph9. • Each tab is assigned a color. Tabs [1] and [6]: Blue; Tabs [2] and [7]: Red; Tabs [3] and [8]: Green; Tabs [4] and [9]: Magenta; Tab [5]: Black 2. Tap the tab for the StatGraph setup whose configuration you want to change. 3.
Med-Box Plot (MedBox) This type of graph is often called a “Box and Whisker” graph. It lets you see how a large number of data items are grouped within specific ranges. The lines from minX to Q1, and from Q3 to maxX are called “whiskers”. If [Show Outliers] box is checked on the Set StatGraphs dialog box (page 131), “outlier” square symbols are shown instead of “whisker” lines where a data value is relatively large or small compared to the other data values.
k Regression graphs Regression graphs of each of the paired-variable data can be drawn according to the model formulas under “Regression types” below. Linear regression graph Quadratic regression graph Logistic regression graph Regression types: Linear regression (LinearR) [Linear Reg] ..............................................................
Logistic regression (LogisticR) [Logistic Reg] .................................................................... y = c 1 + aⴢe–bⴢx Logistic regression is best for data whose values continually increase over time, until a saturation point is reached.
• Whenever you perform a regression calculation from the [Calc] - [Regression] menu, the [Previous Reg] check box on the [SetGraph] menu is selected automatically. This tells ClassPad to remember the calculation results produced by the last executed regression calculation command (the menu command selected in step 2 of the above procedure). As long as the [Previous Reg] check box is selected, any time you draw a new graph, it is drawn based on the last regression calculation results.
7-3 Performing Basic Statistical Calculations Mean, standard deviation, and other statistical values can be obtained from single-variable data and pairedvariable data. Regression calculation can also be performed on paired-variable data. All of these calculations are performed using [Calc] menu commands. Calculating Statistical Values You can use the procedure below to display a lists of various single-variable and paired-variable statistical values. u To display single-variable calculation results 1.
When n is an odd number, using the median of the total population as the reference, the population elements are divided into two groups: values less than the median and values greater than the median. The median value is excluded. Q1 and Q3 then become the values described below. Q1 = {median of the group of (n − 1)/2 items from the bottom of the population} Q3 = {median of the group of (n − 1)/2 items from the top of the population} When n = 1, Q1 = Q3 = population center point.
Performing Regression Calculations You can use the procedures under “Overlaying a Regression Graph on a Scatter Plot” (page 134) to specify a model formula, and determine and graph the regression formula for paired-variable data. The dialog box that appears when performing these operations provides the coefficients, constant term, and other values for the regression formula.
u To perform residual calculation 1. Perform steps 1 and 2 under “To view regression calculation results” (page 138). 2. On the dialog box that appears, tap the [Copy Residual] down arrow button, and then select [On] or the list into which you want to copy the residual values. 3. Tap [OK]. • This assigns residual data to a system variable named “residual” (and also to the list if you specify a list in step 2).
2. On the Command menu, select the command you want to execute. • For information about what is calculated by each command, see “Tests” (page 141), “Confidence Intervals” (page 143), and “Distributions” (page 145). Type menu Command menu 3. Select “List” to use list data for calculation, or “Variable” to directly input values using a wizard. • Certain commands require data of a specific type (list, variable, or matrix) for calculation.
Tests The Z Test provides a variety of different tests based on standard deviation based tests. They make it possible to test whether or not a sample accurately represents the population when the standard deviation of a population (such as the entire population of a country) is known from previous tests. The t Test is used instead of the Z Test when the population standard deviation is unknown. You can also perform χ2 Test, ANOVA (analysis of variance), and other test calculations.
Linear Regression t Test .... [Test] - [Linear Reg t-Test] ..... = ( − 2)/(1 − = ( − o)( − p)/ ( − o)2 2 ) = p − o n: sample size (nt3) Tests the linear relationship between the paired variables (x, y). The method of least squares is used to determine a and b, which are the coefficients of the regression formula y = a + bx. The p-value is the probability of the sample regression slope (b) provided that the null hypothesis is true, = 0.
Two-Way ANOVA .... [Test] - [Two-Way ANOVA] Tests the hypothesis that the population means of multiple populations are equal. It examines the effect of each variable independently as well as their interaction with each other based on a dependent variable. 0707 The values in the table below are measurement results that show how the durability of a metal product is affected by changes in heat treatment time (A) and temperature (B). Experiments were conducted twice under each condition.
Lower, Upper = o Z α σ 1-Sample Z Interval .... [Interval] - [One-Sample Z Int] 2 Calculates the confidence interval for the population mean based on a sample mean and known population standard deviation. 0708 n To specify the data below and perform a 1-Sample Z Interval calculation list1: {299.4, 297.7, 301, 298.9, 300.2, 297} Population standard deviation: 3 Significance level: 5% ( = confidence level: 95%) 2-Sample Z Interval ....
Distributions There is a variety of different types of distribution, but the most well-known is “normal distribution”, which is essential for performing statistical calculations. Normal distribution is a symmetrical distribution centered on the greatest occurrences of mean data (highest frequency), with the frequency decreasing as you move away from the center. Poisson distribution, geometric distribution, and various other distribution shapes are also used, depending on the data type.
∞ Inverse Student’s t Cumulative Distribution .... [Inv. Distribution] - [Inverse t CD] Calculates the lower bound value of a Student’s t cumulative probability distribution for specified values. χ2 Probability Density .... [Distribution] - [χ2 PD] f (x) = 1 df Γ 2 Calculates the χ2 probability density for a specified value. χ2 Cumulative Distribution .... [Distribution] - [χ2 CD] p= 1 df Γ 2 Calculates the cumulative probability of a χ distribution between a lower bound and an upper bound.
Poisson Cumulative Distribution .... [Distribution] - [Poisson CD] Calculates the cumulative probability in a Poisson distribution that success will occur on or before a specified trial. 0713 To calculate Poisson cumulative probability for the data below and graph the result Lower bound: 2 Upper bound: 3 Mean: 2.26 Inverse Poisson Cumulative Distribution .... [Inv.
Input and Output Terms k Input Terms C-Level: confidence level (0 s C-Level < 1) sx: sample standard deviation (0 < sx) Contrib: name of list specifying the contribution of each observed count sx1 / sx2: sample standard deviation of {sample 1 / sample 2} (0 < sx1, 0 < sx2) df : degrees of freedom Upper (Distribution): upper bound Expected: name of list that is for saving expected frequency x (1-Proportion Z Test): sample value*1 Freq, Freq(1), Freq(2): frequency (1 or list name) x (Binomial PD): sp
k Output Terms a: regression constant term (y-intercept) A df : df * of Factor A 5 A F: F value of Factor A A MS: MS*6 of Factor A A p: p-value of Factor A prob (Binomial CD, Poisson CD, Geometric CD, Hypergeometric CD): cumulative probability prob (Normal PD, Student’s t PD, χ2 PD, F PD): probability density prob (Normal CD, Student’s t CD, χ2 CD, F CD): distribution probability A SS: SS* of Factor A prob (Test): p value AB df * : df * of Factor A × Factor B r: correlation coefficient AB F*8: F va
Chapter 8: Geometry Application The Geometry application allows you to draw and analyze geometric figures. For example, you can draw a circle and then draw a line that is tangent to a particular point on the circle. The Geometry application also includes an animation feature that lets you watch how a figure changes in accordance with conditions you define. Starting up the Geometry application displays a large white Geometry window. Use this window to draw the figures you want.
• Display a submenu for drawing a figure of specially shaped figures such as triangles and rectangles (page 156) ............................................ Draw - Special Polygon • Display a submenu for drawing functions (page 154) ............................................................ Draw - Function • Insert a value or text connected with a displayed figure into the display (pages 155 through 156) ..............
u To draw a line segment 1. Tap [Draw] - [Basic Object] - [Line Segment], or tap y. 2. Tap the screen where you want the line segment to begin, and a point will be drawn, and then tap the point where you want it to end. u To add a labeled point to an existing line 1. Tap [Draw] - [Basic Object] - [Point], or tap [. 2. Drag the stylus to the location on the line where you want to add a labeled point, and then lift the stylus from the screen. u To draw an infinite line 1.
u To draw an ellipse 1. Tap [Draw] - [Basic Object] - [Ellipse] - [Axes], or tap I. 2. Tap the point you want to specify as the center point. 3. Tap or drag to the point you want to specify as minor axis (nearest point on the edge from the center point). 4. Tap or drag to the point you want to specify as major axis (farthest point on the edge from the center point). (Or) 1. Tap [Draw] - [Basic Object] - [Ellipse] - [Foci], or tap z. 2.
u To draw a function 1. Tap [Draw] - [Function] - [ f (x)]. • Or you could tap { on the tool bar. Next on the Function dialog box that appears, use the Type box to select “f (x)”. 2. On the Function dialog box, input the function and then tap [OK] to draw it. u To draw a polar equation graph* 1. Tap [Draw] - [Function] - [Polar]. • Or you could tap { on the tool bar. Next on the Function dialog box that appears, use the Type box to select “Polar”. 2.
Inserting Text Strings into the Screen You can insert text strings into the screen while working on the Geometry application window. To do so, tap [Text] on the [Draw] menu. On the dialog box that appears, input the text you want, and then tap [OK]. Attaching an Angle Measurement to a Figure The measurement of an angle formed by two sides of a figure can be attached to the figure as shown here. To do so, tap [Attached Angle] on the [Draw] menu.
To display this type of measurement: Select this: Coordinates of selected point Any single point (including the apex of a polygon) Direction of line or vector A single line (line segment, infinite line, ray, vector, or any side of a polygon) Equation of selected curve Any line or curve Distance between two points, or length of line Any two points, a line segment, or any side of a polygon Radius of circle or arc The radius of the circle or arc Slope of line or vector A single line (line segment,
u To draw a triangle 1. Tap [Draw], [Special Polygon], and then [Triangle]. 2. Place the stylus on the screen and drag diagonally in any direction. • This causes a selection boundary to appear, indicating the size of the triangle that will be drawn. The triangle is drawn when you release the stylus. • In place of the above step 2, you can achieve the same result by simply tapping the screen. This automatically draws the acute triangle you selected.
u To construct a perpendicular line that passes through a specified point on a line 1. Draw an infinite line, and then draw a point on the line through which you want the perpendicular line to pass. 2. Select the line and the point. 3. Tap [Draw], [Construct], and then [Perpendicular]. This draws a line through the point you selected, which is perpendicular to the line where the point is located. u To construct a midpoint 1. Draw a line segment and then select it. 2.
u To construct a tangent to a curve through a specified point 1. Draw a curve, such as an ellipse. 2. Tap [Draw], [Construct], and then [Tangent to Curve]. • This highlights K on the toolbar. 3. Tap the point of tangency on the curve. This draws the tangent. u To reflect a line segment with respect to a specified line of symmetry 1. Draw a line segment and a line to use as the line of symmetry, and then select the line segment. 2. Tap [Draw], [Construct], and then [Reflection].
u To rotate a line segment 1. Draw a line segment, and then select it. 2. Tap [Draw], [Construct], and then [Rotation]. • This highlights F on the toolbar. 3. Tap the screen once to select the center of rotation. • This displays the Rotation dialog box. 4. Specify the angle of rotation in degrees, and then tap [OK]. u To dilate a line segment toward a specified center point 1. Draw a line segment, and then select it. 2. Tap [Draw], [Construct], and then [Dilation]. • This highlights 2 on the toolbar. 3.
9. Tap [OK]. This performs the parallel displacement and draws triangle A’’B’’C’’. Tip: In the above example, we performed the transformation and the parallel displacement operations separately. You could also perform both operations at the same time, if you want. To do so, input both the matrix [[1, 0], [0, −1]] and the vector [1, 1] in step 4, and then tap [OK]. This will produce the result shown in step 9.
Moving and Copying Figures u To move a figure 1. Draw a figure, and then select it. 2. Drag the figure to move it to the location you want. • A selection boundary appears around the figure when you drag it. 3. Remove the stylus from the screen. u To copy a figure 1. Draw a figure, and then select it. 2. Tap [Edit] - [Copy], and then [Edit] - [Paste]. 3. Drag the pasted figure to the location you want.
Specifying the Color and Line Type of a Displayed Object You can use the procedure below to specify the color and line type for the outline of a figure, the fill color inside a figure, or the color of text, labels, and other non-figure objects. u To specify the color and line type of a particular object 1. Use the procedure under “Selecting and Deselecting Figures” (page 161) to select the object whose color and/or line type you want to specify. 2.
8-3 Using the Measurement Box Tapping the u button to the right of the toolbar displays the measurement box. Tap t to return to the normal toolbar. Normal toolbar Measurement box You can use the measurement box to view the measurements of a figure, to specify a measurement of a figure, to fix a measurement of a figure, or to name a figure. Viewing the Measurements of a Figure The type of information that can be displayed in the measurement box depends on the figure currently selected on the screen.
Icon Icon Name This icon appears when this is selected: Tapping this icon displays: e Congruence Two line segments Whether line segments are the same length Yes Incidence Point and a line, arc, circle or vector Whether a point is on the line/ curve Yes Point on curve Point and a function, curve, or ellipse F Rotation angle Two points created by [Rotation] Angle of rotation *1 2 Scale of dilation Two points (like point A and point A’) on a figure created by [Dilation] Scale of dilation
3. Input 90 into the measurement box and press E. • This specifies and constrains the measure of angle B at 90 degrees. A highlighted check box indicates the measurement is constrained (fixed). * In this example, the [Measure Angle] setting of the Geometry Format dialog box (page 38) is set to “Degree”. Tip: To cancel the constraint of a measurement value fixed using the above operation, tap the check box to the right of the measurement box to unhighlight it.
8-4 Working with Animations An animation consists of one or more point/curve pairs, in which the curve can be a line segment, circle, ellipse, or function. You build an animation by selecting a point/curve pair, and then adding it to an animation. Using Animation Commands You can build and run an animation either by executing menu commands or by using the animation toolbar that appears when you tap [View] and then [Animation UI].
u To replace the current animation with a new one 1. Select the point and curve for the new animation. 2. Tap [Edit], [Animate], and then [Replace Animation]. • This discards the currently set animation and sets up an animation for a new point and curve set. Tap [Edit], [Animate], and then [Go (once)] to see your new animation. u To trace a locus of points Note: Using trace leaves a trail of points when the animation is run.
“t0” and “t1” specify the range of movement of point A on side CD. The initial default values are t0 = 0 and t1 = 1. During animation, the length of CD is considered to be one unit. The default values specify that movement of point A is from start point C (point where length equals 0) up to end point D (point where length equals 1). Changing the value of t0 to 0.5, for example, causes point A to move from the middle of side CD to point D.
8-5 Using the Geometry Application with Other Applications You can display the Geometry application from within the eActivity or Main application. This feature allows you to visualize the relationship between Algebra and Geometry. You can, for example, drag a figure from the Geometry window to the eActivity window to see its corresponding mathematical expression. Drag and Drop When you open Geometry within another application, you can drag and drop information between the two application windows.
Chapter 9: Numeric Solver Application Numeric Solver application lets you obtain the value of any variable in an equation without transforming or simplifying the equation. Starting up the Numeric Solver displays the Numeric Solver window. The screen to the right shows an example of the window with a sample equation input. 1 1 Equation input area. Inputting an equation that includes variables and then pressing E will cause 2 and 3 to appear. 2 2 Equation variables.
u To solve an equation 1. On the Numeric Solver window, input an equation. • Here, we will input the equation y = x2 − 2, and solve for x when y = 0 and y = 2. 2. Press E. 3. Input 2 as the values for variable y (to the right of y=). 4. Since we want to solve for x, select the option button to the left of variable x (so the button next to the variable becomes ). 5. Tap 1. • This displays the Result dialog box with the calculation result. Tap [OK] to close the dialog box. 6.
Chapter 10: eActivity Application The eActivity application lets you input and edit text, mathematical expressions, and ClassPad application data, and save your input in a file called an “eActivity”. A basic eActivity can contain text along with application data, which is embedded as a row or a strip. A row can be a “Text Row”, a “Calculation Row”, or a “Geometry Link”. A strip can be an “application data strip” (Main, Graph & Table, Geometry, and so on).
2. On the eActivity window, insert the text, expressions, application data, and other data you want to include in the eActivity. For details, see “Inserting Data into an eActivity” below. 3. After the eActivity is the way you want, tap [File] and then [Save]. 4. On the dialog box that appears, enter a file name and then tap [Save] to save the eActivity.
u To insert a calculation row 1. On the eActivity window toolbar, check to make sure that < is displayed. If it isn’t, tap u to toggle it to <. • < indicates the Calculation Input mode is selected. • If the cursor is located in a line that already contains input data, place the cursor at the end of the line, tap [Insert] and then [Calculation Row]. This inserts a calculation row on the next line. 2. Use the soft keyboard or keypad keys to input the mathematical expression you want. 3.
Application data strip list Or tap this button: To insert this type of application data: Select this [Insert] menu item: Graph window data (Graph & Table) Strip(1) - Graph $ Graph Editor window data (Graph & Table) Strip(1) - Graph Editor ! Geometry window data Strip(1) - Geometry 3 Spreadsheet window data Strip(1) - Spreadsheet Q Stat Graph window data Strip(1) - Stat Graph y Stat Editor window data Strip(1) - Stat Editor ( Notes window* Strip(1) - Notes _ Main work area window data
Inserting a Geometry Link Row A mathematical expression in a Geometry Link row in an eActivity dynamically links to figure(s) in the Geometry window. Dragging a line or figure from the Geometry window to a Geometry Link row in an eActivity converts the line or figure to its mathematical expression. Conversely, dragging an expression from a Geometry Link row to the Geometry window converts the expression to its graphical form (line, curve, circle, etc.).
• The example above shows how the isosceles triangle ABC (CA = BC) changes when the equation in the Geometry Link row is changed from y = 2x + 1.581 to y = x + 2. Tip • Pressing E after changing data in a Geometry Link updates the corresponding figure in the Geometry window. • Changing the figure in the Geometry window will cause the linked data in an eActivity to update accordingly.
Chapter 11: Financial Application You can use the Financial application to perform a variety of financial calculations. Important! Financial calculation rules and practices can differ according to country, geographic area, or financial institution. It is up to you to determine whether the calculation results produced by this calculator are compatible with the financial calculation rules that apply to you.
5. Tap [Calc(1)] and then [Simple Interest] again. • This adds a new page (page 2). The new page will inherit value input on the previous page (under initial settings). 6. Change the I% value to 3, tap [SI], and then [SFV]. • The SI and SFV values are updated in accordance with the new I% value. Tip • If the cursor is in an input/calculation box, “Solve” will appear on the left side of the status bar.
Configuring Financial Application Settings Most financial calculations require that you define certain general parameters that affect the results they produce. For example, you need to specify whether you use a 360-day or 365-day year, whether payments are made at the beginning of a period or end of a period, etc. The following are settings required by the Financial application. Default settings Configure default settings using the Financial Format dialog box.
11-2 Performing Financial Calculations The calculations in the table below can be performed with the Financial application. For actual calculation examples, refer to the sections of this manual or the separate “Examples” booklet shown in the “Example” column.
Compound Interest u When calculating PV, PMT, FV, n I% 0 – α × PMT – β × FV PV = PMT = FV = I% = 0 PV = – (PMT × n + FV ) γ PMT = – – PV – FV – PV – FV = – (PMT × n + PV ) PMT n=– log n= α = (1 + i × S) × { (1 + iS ) × PMT – FV × i (1 + iS ) × PMT + PV × i } PV + FV PMT log (1 + i) 1–β i When “Odd Period” is “Off” = ;= PV + FV n (1 + i) When “Odd Period” is “CI” –n When “Odd Period” is “SI” (1 + i) (1 + i) 1 –Intg (n) Frac (n) 1 + i × Frac (n) When “Payment Date” is
In this formula, NPV = 0, and the value of IRR is equivalent to i × 100. It should be noted, however, that minute fractional values tend to accumulate during the subsequent calculations performed automatically by the ClassPad, so NPV never actually reaches exactly zero. IRR becomes more accurate the closer that NPV approaches to zero. 0 .................................. (CF0 t 0) PBP = { NPVn = Σ k n– n =0 NPVn ...
Cost/Sell/Margin CST = SEL 1 – MRG 100 SEL = CST MRG 1– 100 MRG(%) = 1 – CST SEL × 100 Depreciation u Straight-Line Method SL1 = (PV – FV ) YR1 × n 12 SLj = (PV – FV ) n SLn+1 = (PV – FV ) 12 – YR1 × n 12 (YR1 12) u Fixed-Percentage Method YR1 I% FP1 = PV × 100 × 12 FPj = (RDVj–1 + FV ) × RDV1 = PV – FV – FP1 RDVj = RDVj–1 – FPj I% 100 FPn+1 = RDVn (YR1 12) RDVn+1 = 0 (YR1 12) u Sum-of-the-Years’-Digits Method Z= n (n + 1) 2 SYD1 = n' = n – YR1 12 n YR1 × (PV – FV ) Z 12 SYDn+1 =
u PRC when “Date” is specified for “Bond Interval” For one or fewer coupon period to redemption: RDV + CPN/M PRC = − + A/D × CPN/M 1 + (B/D × (YLD /100)/M) For more than one coupon period to redemption: RDV PRC = − N (N–1+B/D ) (1 + (YLD/100)/M) INT = −A/D × CPN/M –Σ k=1 ( CPN/M (k–1+B/D ) (1 + (YLD /100) /M) ) + A/D × CPN/M CST = PRC × INT u PRC when “Term” is specified for “Bond Interval” PRC = − RDV n n (1 + (YLD/100)/M) –Σ k=1 ( CPN/M k (1 + (YLD/100)/M) ) CST = PRC INT = 0 u Y
11-4 Financial Calculation Functions ClassPad mathematical functions can be used to perform some Financial application calculations. ClassPad mathematical functions can be selected on the [Financial] submenu of the [Action] menu of the Main application or eActivity application. The table below shows a list of mathematical functions that perform financial calculations.
11-5 Input and Output Field Names The list below shows the names of the input and output fields displayed on the various Financial application pages. When performing a calculation on your ClassPad, you can also get information using the [Help] tab.
Chapter 12: Program Application The Program application comes in handy when you need to perform the same calculation a number of times. You can create programs that automate graphing and other operations. The Program application consists of a Program Editor for inputting and editing programs, and a Program Loader for loading and executing existing programs. • The Program Loader window appears when you start up the Program application.
• Input a command (see “12-4 Program Command Reference”) ................................................. Ctrl, I/O, Misc Program Loader window and Program Editor window common commands • Display the Program Output window.....................................................O - Window - Program Output or _ • Display the Text File Contents window ....................................................... O - Window - Text File Contents • Display the Main application work area window ...........................
5. After the program is the way you want, tap {, or tap [Edit], [Save File] and then [Save] to save it. • To run this program see “Running a Program” on page 192. • If a message appears when you try to save the program, make the necessary corrections and try again. For details about making corrections to a program, see “12-2 Debugging a Program”. Tip • The file name you input in step 2 of the above procedure is subject to the same rules as folder and variable names.
When program execution returns to the main program, it resumes from the point immediately after the command that jumped to the subroutine. Example 1: Main Program: Subroutine: “Sub1” Jumps to subroutine program “Sub1” Example 2: Main Program: Subroutine: “Sub2” Assigns the values of main program variables “A” and “B” to the parameter variables (D and E) in subroutine “Sub2”, and then jumps to subroutine “Sub2”. Using Strings in a Program A string is a series of characters inside of quotation marks.
3. Input a side length of 7 and tap [OK]. • A Program Output window, showing the execution results of the program, will appear in the lower half of the screen. • On the “Done” dialog box that appears after program execution is complete, tap [OK]. 4. Tap the Program Loader window and repeat steps 2 and 3 for sides of length 10 and 15.
Tip: Note that the above operation is not possible while a user-defined function (page 196) is open. Using Text Files • Running a text file from the Program Loader window displays the contents of the file in the Text File Contents window. • Inserting a text file name followed by “()” inside a program causes the contents of the text file to be displayed in the Text File Contents window when execution reaches the name.
12-2 Debugging a Program A programming error that causes a program to behave in a manner not intended by the writer of the program is called a “bug”. Finding and eliminating such errors is called “debugging the program”. Any of the following conditions can indicate that your program has a bug and requires debugging.
12-3 User-defined Functions ClassPad lets you configure calculation operations as user-defined functions, which can then be used inside of numeric expressions just like its built-in functions. User-defined functions can also be called up in other applications. Note • User-defined functions are stored in ClassPad memory as “FUNC” (Function) type variables. Naming, storage, and folder rules are identical to those for user variables. • A user-defined function can contain only a single mathematical expression.
4. Tap [OK]. • This will cause the Define command to be executed in accordance with your specifications, which will save user-defined function “f2”. Tip: For information about the syntax of the Define command, see “Define” in the “Command List” (page 201).
12-4 Program Command Reference Using This Reference • This reference lists ClassPad commands in alphabetical order. Commands that do not use alphabetic characters (such as ⇒ and #) are at the top of the list. • To the right of each command name is shown the Program Editor window menu sequence that you need to use to input the command. For example, to input the “Break” command you would tap [Ctrl], then [Control], then [Break].
Command List Symbols (Carriage Return) k Function: Performs a carriage return operation. Description: In Program Editor, press the E key to input a carriage return. • The carriage return can be used in a user program. It cannot, however, be used in a manual calculation performed in the Main application. : (Multi-statement Command) Ctrl Function: Use this command to link a series of statements into a multi-statement (on a single line). Description: The multi-statement command can be used in a user program.
BinomialCD k Syntax: BinomialCD Lower value, Upper value, Numtrial value, pos value Function: See “Binomial Cumulative Distribution” (page 146). Break Ctrl - Control Syntax: Break Function: This command terminates a loop and causes execution to advance to the next command following the loop process. Description: • Break terminates a loop and causes execution to advance to the next command following the loop process. • Break can be used inside of a For, Do, While, or Switch process.
ColorBlack, ColorBlue, ColorRed, ColorMagenta, ColorGreen, ColorCyan, ColorYellow I/O - Color Function: Used as arguments of certain commands to specify colors.
DispStat I/O - Display Syntax: DispStat Function: Displays previous statistical calculation results. DispText I/O - Display Syntax: DispText Function: This command displays the Program Output window. Description: You can use this command to re-display the Program Output window following display of the Graph window, Table window, or other window.
DrawSeqEtrCon, DrawSeqEtrPlt I/O - Draw Syntax: DrawSeqEtrCon DrawSeqEtrPlt Function: Graphs a recursion expression whose vertical axis is Σan (Σbn or Σcn) and whose horizontal axis is n using a generated number table, in accordance with the conditions of each command. Description: DrawSeqEtrCon draws a connect type graph, while DrawSeqEtrPlt draws a plot type graph.
GetKey I/O - Input Syntax: GetKey Function: This command assigns the code number of the last key pressed to the specified variable. Description: • This command assigns the code number of the last key pressed to the specified variable. The following shows a list of available code numbers.
HypergeoCD k Syntax: HypergeoCD Lower value, Upper value, n value, M value, N value Function: See “Hypergeometric Cumulative Distribution” (page 147). HypergeoPD k Syntax: HypergeoPD x value, n value, M value, N value Function: See “Hypergeometric Distribution Probability” (page 147). I If~Then~ElseIf~Else~IfEnd Ctrl - If Syntax 1: If : Then : [] ... : IfEnd Function 1: • If the expression is true, the statement in the Then block is executed.
InputFunc I/O - Input Syntax: InputFunc ([,…]) [,""[,""]] Function: When program execution reaches the InputFunc command, the user is prompted to input the contents of the user-defined function. Example: InputFunc v(v0, t), "To define function v0(m/s), t(sec)", "define function" Description: See Input.
Local Misc - Variable Syntax: Local , ... [,] Function: Defines a local variable. Description: The following are the merits of local variables. • Since local variables are deleted automatically, use of local variables for temporary storage avoids unnecessary use of available memory.
MultiSortD k Syntax 1: MultiSortD Syntax 2: MultiSortD , , , ... Function: Sorts a statistical list in descending order. Description: See MultiSortA. NumToStr Misc - String(1) Syntax: NumToStr , {"Fix " ; "Sci "}, Function: Converts a numeric value to a string of the specified format, and assigns the resulting string to the specified variable.
OneVariable k Syntax: OneVariable xList [,FreqList (or 1)] Function: Single variable statistics calculation Description: xList: Name of list for storing x-axis data FreqList: Name of list for storing frequency of “xList” data • “FreqList” can be omitted. Doing so sets “1” for “FreqList”. OneWayANOVA k Syntax: OneWayANOVA FactorList(A), DependentList Function: See “One-Way ANOVA” (page 142). OpenComPort38k I/O - Communication Syntax: OpenComPort38k Function: Opens the 3-pin COM port.
PowerReg (PowerR) Misc - Statistics(1) - Regression Syntax: PowerReg xList, yList[,[FreqList (or 1)] [,[] [,{On ; Off}]]] Function: Performs y = a·xb regression. Description: See SinReg. Print I/O - Output Syntax 1: Print [,] Syntax 2: Print "" Function: Displays the result of the specified expression or the specified text string. Description: An expression result is displayed as a single line.
RclVWin Misc - Graph&Table(2) Syntax: RclVWin { ; } Function: Recalls View Window values, which were previously saved under the specified name. Description: A folder path can be specified only up to one level. Receive38k I/O - Communication Syntax: Receive38k Function: Receives EA-200 data. Description: • The OpenComPort38k command must be executed before this command is executed.
SetAxes Misc - Setup(2) Syntax: SetAxes {On ; Off ; Number} Function: Specifies the axis display mode as show Graph window axes only (On), hide axes and scale (Off), or show axes and scale (Number). SetCellWidth Misc - Setup(4) Syntax: SetCellWidth {2 ; 3 ; 4} Function: Specifies the number of rows displayed on the Stat Editor and data table windows. SetComplex Misc - Setup(1) Syntax: SetComplex Function: Specifies the Complex mode (to perform complex number calculations).
SetReal Misc - Setup(1) Syntax: SetReal Function: Specifies the Real mode (to perform real number calculations). SetΣdisp Misc - Setup(4) Syntax: SetΣdisp {On ; Off} Function: Turns display of subtotals for tables on or off. SetSci Misc - Setup(2) Syntax: SetSci Function: Specifies the fixed number of significant digits.
StatGraph Misc - Statistics(1) Syntax 1: StatGraph , {On ; Off}, Graph Type 1, xList, yList, FreqList (or 1), Plot Type Syntax 2: StatGraph , {On ; Off}, Graph Type 2, xList, yList, FreqList (or 1) Syntax 3: StatGraph , {On ; Off}, Graph Type 3, xList, yList Syntax 4: StatGraph , {On ; Off}, Graph Type 4, xList, FreqList (or 1) Syntax 5: StatGraph , {On ; Off}, Graph Type 5, xList, Pl
StrLwr Misc - String(2) Syntax: StrLwr "", Function: Converts all the characters of a string to lower case and assigns the resulting string to the specified variable. StrUpr Misc - String(2) Syntax: StrUpr "", Function: Converts all the characters of a string to upper case and assigns the resulting string to the specified variable.
TwoPropZInt k Syntax: TwoPropZInt C-Level value, x1 value, n1 value, x2 value, n2 value Function: See “2-Proportion Z Interval” (page 144). TwoVariable k Syntax: TwoVariable xList, yList[, FreqList (or 1)] Function: Performs paired-variable statistical calculation. Description: xList: Name of list for storing x-axis data yList: Name of list for storing y-axis data FreqList: Name of list for storing frequency of “xList” and “yList” data • “FreqList” can be omitted. Doing so sets “1” for “FreqList”.
VWin Misc - Setup(3) Function: Used as a SetSmryTable command argument to specify an option. See SetSmryTable. W Wait Ctrl - Control Syntax: Wait [] Function: Pauses program execution, and then restarts it after the number of seconds specified by the expression passes. Description: • If you do not specify any expression, program execution is paused until you tap the screen, or press a key. • The maximum valid specification for is 360 seconds (six minutes).
12-5 Including ClassPad Functions in Programs This section provides actual examples that use graph drawing, statistical calculations and other ClassPad functions. Including Graphing Functions in a Program 1201 To register y > sin(x) as Graph Editor y1, and y < –x/12 as Graph Editor y2 and then draw the inequality graph for the two expressions. On the resulting graph, only areas where the conditions of all of the graphed inequalities are satisfied will be filled in.
Chapter 13: Spreadsheet Application The Spreadsheet application provides you with powerful, take-along-anywhere spreadsheet capabilities including graphing and statistical calculations on your ClassPad. A spreadsheet has 999 rows and 64 columns (A1 to BL999). The Spreadsheet window shows a screen of cells and their contents. Each cell can contain a value, expression, text, or a formula. Formulas can contain a reference to a specific cell or a range of cells.
• Display a dialog box for specifying cell contents and a range of cells to fill ................... Edit - Fill - Fill Range • Display a dialog box for specifying a sequence to fill a range of cells ......................Edit - Fill - Fill Sequence • Sort the range of selected cells on the spreadsheet ................................ Edit - Sort/Search - Sort, L or : • Search for strings in the cell(s) on the spreadsheet....................................
Option Settings You can use the Options dialog box to show or hide scrollbars, and specify what the cell cursor does when you register input data. u To change option settings 1. Tap [Edit] - [Format] - [Options] and then use the Options dialog box that appears to perform the operation described below.
Note • Selection of non-contiguous rows and columns can be used for selection of up to two rows or two columns only. You cannot select more than two non-contiguous rows or columns. • These operations are not supported when selecting rows or columns for non-graphing operations, such as statistical calculations, etc. Attempting these operations for a non-graphing operation will cause an error.
Tip: As in the example shown above, tapping another cell while the first character in the edit box is an equals sign (=) inserts a reference to the tapped cell into the edit box. Dragging across a range of cells will input a reference to the selected range. Inputting a Cell Reference A cell reference is a symbol that references the value of one cell for use by another cell.
Cell Data Types (Text Data and Calculation Data) When a single cell is selected, the toolbar will show u when it is a text data type cell, or < if it is a calculation data type cell. When you create a new spreadsheet, all of the cells are initially text data type. • With a text data type cell, any text or variable that does not have an equals sign (=) at the beginning is treated as text. A single value is treated as a constant value.
u To fill a range of cells with the same value (Fill Range) 1. Select the range of cells where you want to input the same value. • Actually, you could skip this step and start with step 2, below. 2. On the [Edit] menu, tap [Fill] and then [Fill Range]. 3. On the dialog box that appears, input the value or expression into the “Formula” box. You can also use the dialog box’s “Range” box to specify the range of cells. 4. Tap [OK].
Using the Cell Viewer Window The Cell Viewer window lets you view both the formula contained in a cell, as well as the current value produced by the formula. u To view or hide the Cell Viewer window On the Spreadsheet toolbar, tap A. Or, on the Spreadsheet [Edit] menu, select [Format] - [Cell Viewer]. • The above operation toggles display of the Cell Viewer window on or off. • On the Cell Viewer window, you can select or clear its check boxes to toggle display of the value and/or formula on or off.
Copying or Cutting Cells and Pasting Them to Another Location Use the procedures below to copy or cut one cell or multiple cells, and then paste them to another cell or cells. For information about what happens when you copy or cut cells that include cell references and paste them to another location, see “Relative Cell Reference” (page 223). u To copy or cut a single cell and paste it to another cell or cells 1. Tap the cell that you want to copy or cut. 2. Tap [Edit] - [Copy] (or [Cut]). 3.
Importing and Exporting Variable Values You can import LIST (list), MAT (matrix), EXPR (expression), and STR (string) variables* into a spreadsheet. LIST, MAT, and EXPR type variable in spreadsheet data also can be exported. * For information about variable types, see “Main Memory Data Types” (page 26). u To import the data assigned to a variable 1. In a spreadsheet, tap a single cell to specify it as the import destination of the variable data.
When these cells are selected in step 1: When this is selected in step 3: Data is exported as: Type: LIST {1,3,5} Type: MATRIX [[1][3][5]] Type: LIST {1,3,5,2,4,6} Type: MATRIX [[1,2][3,4][5,6]] 13-2 Graphing The Spreadsheet application lets you draw a variety of different graphs for analyzing data. Basic Graphing Steps The following are the basic steps for graphing spreadsheet data. u ClassPad Operation 1. Input the data you want to graph into the spreadsheet. 2.
• When [Graph] - [Row Series] is selected, each row is treated as one set of data. Item A data (blue), Item B data (red), and Item C data (green) are cumulative, and there are two bars, one for each of the two days of the week. This lets you see the cumulative sales for each day. A B C Sun Sat Tip: You can switch an existing graph between column series and row series by tapping [Type] - [Column Series] or [Type] - [Row Series].
3. Select the color you want and then tap [OK]. • This will change the point to the color you selected. • Since there is a check mark next to [Color Link] on the [Edit] - [Format] menu, the corresponding data on the Spreadsheet window will also change to the selected color.
Graph Menu and Graph Examples The following explains each of the [Graph] menu commands, and shows examples of what happens to the Graph window when you execute a command. Each command is followed by a button to show the graph toolbar button that performs the same action as the command. Tip: The contents of the Spreadsheet window [Graph] menu and the Graph window [Type] menu are identical.
[Graph] - [Pie] Z • When you select a pie chart, only the first series (column or row) of the selected data is used. • Tapping any of the sections of a pie graph causes three values to appear at the bottom of the screen: the cell location, a data value for the section, and a percent value that indicates the portion of the total data that the data value represents.
[Graph] - [Box Whisker] 1 Min Q1 Med Q3 Max This type of graph lets you see how a large number of data items are grouped within specific ranges. The lines from Min to Q1, and from Q3 to Max are called “whiskers”. If [Calc] - [Show Outliers] box is checked on the Spreadsheet Graph window, “outlier” circular symbols are shown instead of “whisker” lines where a data value is relatively large or small compared to the other data values.
• This superimposes the regression graph on the scatter graph. Also, the regression calculation result window will appear in the upper half of the display (except for Quintic Reg). • Here, you can add a another regression graph by selecting a different [Calc] menu item. Also, you can repeat step 3 to overlay a regression graph for a different y-value. 5. To clear all regression graphs, tap [Edit] - [Clear All].
Other Graph Window Operations This section provides more details about the types of operations you can perform while the Graph window is on the display. u To change the appearance of a graph by dragging a point While a graph is on the Graph window, use the stylus to drag any one of its data points to change the configuration of the graph. • You can change curves, make bars or columns longer or shorter, or change the size of pie graph sections.
u To show or hide lines and markers for a line graph or a scatter graph 1. While a line graph or a scatter graph is on the Graph window, tap the [View] menu. 2. Tap the [Markers] or [Lines] item to toggle it between show (check box selected) and hide (check box cleared). • Line and scatter graphs can have markers only, lines only, or both markers and lines. You cannot turn off both markers and lines at the same time.
u To execute a regression calculation and paste the results into the spreadsheet 1. Enter the paired-variable data into the spreadsheet, and then select the range of cells where it is located. 2. On the menu bar, tap [Calc] and then [Regression]. Next, on the submenu that appears, tap the desired regression type. • This displays a window which shows calculation results along with the model formula for the selected regression type in the lower half of the display.
Z Tests, t Tests, Two-Sample F Test, and Interval Calculations • Operation when inputting values directly on the wizard screen and performing the calculation is identical to that when “Variable” is elected on the Statistics operation wizard screen. • When the number of numeric input fields on the wizard screen is m, prepare n rows and m columns of data. For example, in the case of the 1-Sample Z Test, there are four numeric input fields as shown in the nearby screenshot.
Linear Regression t Test In a spreadsheet, input paired-variable data (page 237 (c) or (d)) as test data. 1301 To perform a Linear Regression t Test on the paired-variable data shown in the nearby screenshot χ2 Test For test data, input data of at least one row and two columns (observed matrix) into the spreadsheet. You can see an actual example ( 0704 ) of how this is done using the Statistics application in Chapter 7 of this manual.
2. On the menu bar, tap [Calc] and then [Distribution]. • The Distribution Calculation Wizard will appear in the lower half of the display. 3. Tap the v button to the right of the second item from the top and then select the desired distribution calculation from the menu that appears. 4. Tap [Next >>]. • This will display a screen with the variable assignments for the range you selected in step 1 of this procedure entered automatically in the input fields as the initial defaults. 5.
Using the List Calculation Functions The [Calc] menu functions shown in the table below are also included (with the same name) on the Main application [Action] - [List] - [Statistics] and [Action] - [List] - [Calculation] submenus.
Chapter 14: System Application You can use the System application to manage ClassPad memory (main memory, the eActivity area, and the storage area), and to configure various system settings. 14-1 Managing Memory Usage ClassPad has the following three independent memory areas for storing data: main memory area, eActivity area, and storage area. Main memory: This area is for storage of application data and variables, except for eActivity. eActivity area: This area is for storage of eActivity data.
To do this: Do this: Search for a file or folder Tap [Search] or e. On the dialog box that appears, enter the character string you want to search for and then tap [Search]. To search again using the same character string, tap r. Change the file list view To display both the file name and file size, tap [View] - [Detail View] (long file names may be cut off). To display the file name only, tap [View] - [List View]. 4. Tap [Cancel] to close the Storage dialog box.
eActivity Sheet Tapping the [eActivity] tab displays the eActivity sheet. This sheet lists the names of all the files that have been created with the eActivity application, and shows the size of each file. u To delete Main Memory data or eActivity files 1. Tap the tab (Main Memory or eActivity) that contains the data you want to delete. 2. Select the check box next to the item whose data you want to delete. 3. Tap the [Delete] button. 4.
2. On the Reset dialog box, select the type of reset operation you want to perform. To delete this type of data: Select this option: All variable and program data in main memory Variable/Program All eActivity data in eActivity area eActivity Data Data in storage area Storage Memory All of the above three types All of the above 3. After selecting the type of reset operation you want to perform, tap [Reset]. 4.
• If you tap [Cancel] instead of [OK], the confirmation dialog box will close without registering the selected battery type. u To specify the display language 1. On the System application window, tap [System] - [Language], or ,. 2. On the dialog box that appears, select the language you want to use, and then tap [Set]. • This returns to the application menu. u To specify the complex number imaginary unit (i or j ) 1. On the System application window, tap [System] - [Imaginary Unit]. 2.
u To optimize Flash ROM (eActivity area and storage area) Tip: Optimizing Flash ROM increases the amount of memory available for storage. 1. On the System application window, tap [System] - [Memory Management], or /. 2. On the confirmation dialog box that appears, tap [Yes]. • After you tap [Yes], the message “Now Optimizing...” remains displayed while optimization is in progress. The message “Complete!” appears when optimization is complete.
Chapter 15: Performing Data Communication You can connect your ClassPad to a computer or to another ClassPad and exchange data with the connected device. You can also connect to a CASIO Data Analyzer or a CASIO projector. This chapter explains how to connect a ClassPad to an external device and how to transfer data between them. Important! Do not press the RESTART button on the back of the ClassPad while a data communication operation is in progress.
Wakeup Wakeup is a function that automatically puts the ClassPad into data communication standby whenever the ClassPad detects data coming in from an external device connected to the 3-pin port of the ClassPad. When the sending device performs a data send operation, the receiver device’s wakeup function activates and data receive is performed automatically. The receiver device operates normally as long as no data is being received.
Transfer ClassPad display image data to the computer For information about connecting ClassPad and Screen Receiver, see the Screen Receiver User’s Guide. Computer System Requirements • • • • Windows XP Home Edition • Windows Vista (32-bit) Windows XP Professional (32-bit) • Windows 7 (32-bit, 64-bit) Windows 8 (32-bit, 64-bit) Mac OS 10.5, Mac OS 10.6, Mac OS 10.7, Mac OS 10.
Transferring Data between the ClassPad and a Personal Computer Establishing a connection between ClassPad and a computer in USB Flash mode displays folder and files stored in the ClassPad storage area as folders and files in the computer’s ClassPad drive. ClassPad Main Memory ClassPad has the following three independent memory areas for storing data: main memory area, eActivity area, and storage area. For details about these areas, see Chapter 14.
Auto Import of VCP Files When you terminate a USB connection, ClassPad automatically imports a VCP file currently in the AutoImport folder on the storage area. • Only one VCP file inside the top level of the AutoImport folder is imported to main memory and the eActivity area. Existing data is overwritten and new data is added. If there are multiple VCP files in the AutoImport folder, you need to select the one to be imported manually.
u To open a VCP file 1. On the icon panel, tap m to display the application menu. 2. Tap [MENU] at the top left of the application menu, and then tap [Open]. • This causes a file specification dialog box to appear. It shows the VCP files in the storage area. 3. Select the VCP file you want to open and then tap [Open]. • This displays the dialog box shown nearby. 4. Select the file import option you want and then tap [OK]. 1 Deletes all data in the main memory and eActivity area and import the file.
u To export eActivity data to XCP files 1. On the application menu, tap to start up the System application. 2. On the [Storage] sheet that appears, select “Export eActivities” and then tap [Select]. • This displays the eActivity data selection dialog box. 3. Select the eActivity you want to export. 4. Tap [Export]. • This displays a dialog box for selecting the export destination folder. 5. Select the export destination folder you want and then tap [OK]. u To import an XCP file 1.
u ClassPad Operation 1. Use the procedure under “Connecting to Another ClassPad Unit” above to connect the two units. 2. Use the procedure under “To configure communication parameters” (page 249) to configure the parameters of the two units as shown below. • Cable Type: 3pin cable • Speed (3Pin): 115200 bps • Wakeup Enable: On On the sending ClassPad: 3. On the Communication application window, tap [Link] - [Transmit], or tap E. • This displays the Select Data dialog box.
Tip • When wakeup is turned off on the receiving device, you need to perform the following operation on the receiving device before performing step 3: Start up the Communication application, tap [Link] and then [Receive], or tap R. This puts the receiving unit into receive standby, which is indicated by the Standby dialog box on the display. • When you send a variable or data item, it is normally stored in the current folder of the receiving device.
15-5 Connecting the ClassPad to a Projector You can connect the ClassPad to a CASIO projector and project ClassPad screen contents onto a screen. For information about connectable projectors, visit the site below. http://edu.casio.com/support/projector/ Important! Some projector models may require a firmware update in order to project ClassPad screen contents. Before doing anything, go to the website above and check if your projector model requires updating.
Appendix Character Code Table Characters from character code 257 onwards are 2-byte characters.
335 358 381 404 427 487 336 359 382 405 428 488 337 360 383 406 429 489 338 361 384 407 430 490 339 362 385 408 431 491 340 363 386 409 432 496 341 364 387 410 433 497 342 365 388 411 434 498 343 366 389 412 435 499 344 367 390 413 436 500 345 368 391 414 437 501 346 369 392 415 438 502 347 370 393 416 439 503 348 371 394 417 440 504 349 372 395 418 441 505 350 373 396 419 442 506 351 374 397 420 480 507 35
579 604 629 654 679 741 580 605 630 655 680 742 581 606 631 656 681 743 582 607 632 657 682 744 583 608 633 658 683 745 584 609 634 659 684 746 585 610 635 660 685 752 586 611 636 661 686 753 587 612 637 662 687 754 588 613 638 663 688 755 589 614 639 664 689 756 590 615 640 665 690 757 591 616 641 666 691 758 592 617 642 667 692 759 593 618 643 668 693 760 594 619 644 669 694 761 595 620 645 670 695 762 59
823 844 864 884 904 925 824 845 865 885 905 926 825 846 866 886 906 927 826 847 867 887 907 928 827 848 868 888 908 929 828 849 869 889 909 930 829 850 870 890 910 931 830 851 871 891 911 932 831 852 872 892 912 933 832 853 873 893 913 934 833 854 874 894 914 935 834 855 875 895 915 936 835 856 876 896 916 937 836 857 877 897 917 938 837 858 878 898 918 939 838 859 879 899 919 940 839 860 880 900 920 941 84
System Variable Table The table below shows an alphabetic listing of system variables. • If a variable has an initial value, the value is shown inside of braces ({ }) in the “Name” column. • The letter to the left of the slash in the “Op” column indicates whether or not input for the variable is supported, while the letter to the right of the slash indicates whether or not the variable can be deleted (Y: Yes, N: No). Note: Use the Define command to input a value for a Type “F” (FUNC) variable.
Name Description Op Type Name Description Op Type GconHStep Graph transformation vertical {1} step value N/N Ex_r Estimated proportion of sample 2 N/N Ex_r Ex_r N/N Ex_r N/N Ex_r GconWStart Graph transformation horizontal {1} start point N/N Ex_r p-value p-value of factor A p-value of factor A × factor B p-value of factor B N/N GconWEnd Graph transformation horizontal {5} end point p̂2 prob probA probAB probB N/N Ex_r N/N Ex_r GconWStep Graph transformation horizontal {1} step va
Name Description Op Type Name Description Op Type SumSB Sum of squares for factor B N/N Ex_r ymax {3.
Graph Types and Executable Functions 䊊: Executable −: Not executable Graph Type Function Zoom - Box Zoom - In Zoom - Out Zoom - Auto Zoom - Original Zoom - Square Zoom - Round Zoom - Integer Zoom - Previous Zoom - Initialize / Quick types Analysis - Trace Analysis - Sketch - Cls Analysis - Sketch - Plot Analysis - Sketch - Line Analysis - Sketch - Text Analysis - Sketch - Tangent Analysis - Sketch - Normal Analysis - Sketch - Inverse Analysis - Sketch - Circle Analysis - Sketch - Vertical Analysis - Sketc
Error and Warning Message Tables Error Message Table Error Message Access to Flash ROM Description – Argument must be a variable name Variable argument specification is wrong. Use a variable as the argument of the variable. Circular Reference Circular reference exists for a variable. Compressed programs cannot be edited. The file is compressed. Use the uncompressed version of the file for editing. Current Folder You attempted to perform an operation that is prohibited for the current folder.
Error Message Incorrect Program Call Insufficient Elements Description – – Insufficient Memory There is not enough memory to complete the operation you are trying to perform. Insufficient Storage Memory Insufficient available capacity in the storage area. Invalid Boundary The specified boundary conditions are not appropriate for the operation being performed. Invalid Code – Invalid Data Type • The calculation you are trying to perform has an invalid data type as an argument.
Error Message Description No Solution – No Stat Graphs Selected – No Variable – No word is specified – Non-Algebraic Variable in Expression You are attempting to use a variable that cannot be used in a calculation. Non-Real in Calc The ClassPad is in the Real mode but the value you are inputting or the result produced by a calculation is a complex number. Not a Local Variable The variable you are trying to assign data to is not a local variable.
Warning Message Description Time out. The end of condition was not satisfied. Too Many eActivity Files – The data communication operation you are trying to perform is not possible because there are too many eActivity files. Low Memory Error Processing An error occurs on the ClassPad if it is unable to reserve enough work area memory to perform a particular operation. When a low memory error occurs, any application in use at that point is shut down and an error message like the one shown below appears.
u To perform the RAM reset operation Important! • The RAM reset operation deletes all data that is temporarily stored in ClassPad RAM. Performing the RAM reset operation while a calculation is in progress will cause any data stored in RAM by the calculation to be lost. • Perform the RAM reset operation only when your ClassPad freezes up or when it begins to operate abnormally for some reason. 1. Use the stylus to press the RESTART button on the back of the ClassPad.
Display Brightness and Battery Life Display Brightness The display brightness of your ClassPad is adjustable. The initial default brightness setting after purchase is “Medium”. Display brightness will dim automatically if you do not perform any operation for about 30 seconds. Performing an operation will cause display brightness to return to normal. For details about how to configure the display brightness setting, see “Chapter 14: System Application”.
(b) Repeat of 1, 2, 3 sequence below each hour: 1 Application Menu display for 5 minutes Start of display at “Medium” display brightness, dimmed automatically after 30 seconds 2 Program application calculation for 5 minutes “Medium” display brightness 3 Program application display for 50 minutes Display brightness same as 1, above.
Manufacturer: CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD. 6-2, Hon-machi 1-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8543, Japan Responsible within the European Union: CASIO EUROPE GmbH Casio-Platz 1, 22848 Norderstedt, Germany This mark applies in EU countries only.
CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD. 6-2, Hon-machi 1-chome Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8543, Japan One or more of the following patents may be used in the product. U.S.Pats.
